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The Throne of God is the reigning centre of God in the Abrahamic religions: primarily Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The throne is said by various holy books to reside beyond the Seventh Heaven and is called Araboth (Hebrew: עֲרָבוֹת‘ărāḇōṯ) in Judaism,[1] and al-'Arsh in Islam. Many in the Christian religion consider the ceremonial chair as symbolizing or representing an allegory of the holy Throne of God.

Judaism[edit]

Gold and Red King and Queen thrones under a baldachin in the Throne Room. Lisbon, Portugal - June 10, 2013: Gold and Red King and Queen thrones under a baldachin A boy with gold quill pen sitting in a throne of books.

Micaiah (1 Kings 22:19), Isaiah (Isaiah 6), Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1)[2] and Daniel (Daniel 7:9) all speak of God's throne although some philosophers, such as Saʿadiah Gaon and Maimonides, interpreted such mention of a 'throne' as allegory.[3]

The heavenly throne room or throne room of God is a more detailed presentation of the throne, into the representation of throne room or divine court.

Micaiah's throneroom vision[edit]

Micaiah's extended prophecy (1 Kings 22:19) is the first detailed depiction of a heavenly throne room in Judaism.

Zechariah's throneroom vision[edit]

Zechariah 3 depicts a vision of the heavenly throne room where Satan and the Angel of the Lord contend over Joshua the High Priest in the time of his grandson Eliashib the High Priest. Many Christians consider this a literal event[citation needed], others such as Goulder (1998) view the vision as symbolic of crisis on earth, such as opposition from Sanballat the Horonite.[4]

Dead Sea Scrolls[edit]

The concept of a heavenly throne occurs in three Dead Sea Scroll texts. Later speculation on the throne of God became a theme of Merkabah mysticism.[5]

Christianity[edit]

Ezekiel's vision is depicted in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
God the Father on a throne, Westphalia, Germany, late 15th century.

In the New Testament, the Throne of God is talked about in several forms.[6] Including Heaven as the Throne of God, The Throne of David, The Throne of Glory, The Throne of Grace and many more.[6] The New Testament continues Jewish identification of heaven itself as the 'throne of God',[7] but also locates the throne of God as 'in heaven' and having a secondary seat at the Right Hand of God for the Session of Christ.[8]

Revelation[edit]

The Book of Revelation describes the Seven Spirits of God which surround the throne, and John wishes his readers in the Seven Asian churches to be blessed with grace from God, from the seven who are before God's throne, and from Jesus Christ in Heaven. John states that in front of the throne there appears to be 'a sea of glass, clear as crystal', and that the throne is surrounded by a lion, an ox, a man, and a flying eagle; each with six wings and covered with eyes, who constantly cry 'Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to come' repeatedly. It is also said that 'out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and voices'.[9]

IsaiahIn Isaiah 6, Isaiah sees the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up, and His train (robe) filled the temple. Above the throne stood the Seraphims (angelic beings), and each one had 6 wings. With two wings they covered their face, with two they covered their feet, and with two they flew. And the Seraphims were calling out to one another, 'Holy, Holy, Holy, is the Lord of Hosts' (Some translations title Him, 'Lord of heavens armies', or 'Lord Almighty'). Their voices shook the temple to its foundations, and the entire building was filled with smoke.

Islam[edit]

Diagram of 'Plain of Assembly'(Ard al-Hashr) on the Day of Judgment, from autograph manuscript of Futuhat al-Makkiyya by Sufi mystic and philosopher Ibn Arabi, ca. 1238. Shown are the 'Arsh (Throne of God), pulpits for the righteous (al-Aminun), seven rows of angels, Gabriel (al-Ruh), A'raf (the Barrier), the Pond of Abundance, al-Maqam al-Mahmud (the Praiseworthy Station; where the prophet Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful), Mizan (the Scale), As-Sirāt (the Bridge), Jahannam (Hell) and Marj al-Jannat (Meadow of Paradise).[10]

In Islamic theology, the Throne (Arabic: العرشAl-ʿArsh) is one of the greatest things ever created by God.[11] Some Muslims including Salafis believe God created the throne both as a sign of his power and place of dwelling,[12][13][14] some Muslims including most of the Sufis believe it as a sign of his power and not as place of dwelling,[15] and some Including Ashari and Maturidi believe it as a metaphor of the greatness of God.[16][17][18]

The Quran mentions the throne some 25 times (33 times as Al-'Arsh), such as in verse 10:3 and 23:116:

Indeed, your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days and then established Himself above the Throne (Arsh), arranging the matter [of His creation]. There is no intercessor except after His permission. That is Allah, your Lord, so worship Him. Then will you not remember? - Yunus 10:3

And it is He who created the heavens and the earth in six days - and His Throne had been upon water - that He might test you as to which of you is best in deed. But if you say, 'Indeed, you are resurrected after death,' those who disbelieve will surely say, 'This is not but obvious magic.' - Hud 11:7

So Exalted be Allah, the True King - None has the right to be worshipped but He - Lord of the Supreme Throne! - al-Mu’minoon 23:116

The Quran depicts the angels as carrying the throne of God and praising his glory, similar to Old Testament images.

...those who bear the Throne, and all who are round about it, sing the praises of their Lord and believe in Him and ask forgiveness for those who believe. - Quran 40:7

...and you shall see the angels going round about the Throne glorifying the praise of their Lord; and judgment shall be given between them with justice, and it shall be said: all praise is due to God, the Lord of the Worlds. - Quran 39:75

The Ayat al-Kursi (often glossed as 'Verse of the footstool'), is a verse from Al-Baqara, the second sura of the Quran, and is regarded[by whom?] as the book's greatest verse. It references the Throne, and also God's greatest name, Al-Hayy Al-Qayyoom ('The Living, the Eternal').[19] Scholars of hadith have stated that Muhammad said the reward for reciting this verse after every prayer is Paradise,[20] and that reciting it is a protection from the devil.[21]

Prophetic hadith also establish that The Throne is above the roof of Al-Firdaus Al-'Ala, the highest level of Paradise where God's closest and most beloved servants in the hereafter shall dwell.[22]

See also[edit]

  • Hlidskjalf (throne of Odin)
  • Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal (section Concepts, symbolism and interpretations)
  • Shesha - similar concept in Hinduism

Bibliography[edit]

Gold
Notes
  1. ^In Seventh Heaven
  2. ^ 'Ezekiel 1:26' in the 1901 American Standard Bible.
  3. ^Bowker 2005, pp. Throne of God entry
  4. ^M. D. Goulder The Psalms of the return (book V, Psalms 107-150) 1998 p. 197 'The vision of Joshua and the Accuser in Zechariah 3 seems to be a reflection of such a crisis.'
  5. ^Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls: N-Z Lawrence H. Schiffman, James C. VanderKam - 2000 'References to heavenly thrones occur in three Dead Sea Scroll texts. In the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice ... Speculation on the throne of God and its associated creatures becomes an important aspect of Merkavah mysticism'
  6. ^ abKittel 1966, pp. 164–166
  7. ^William Barclay The Gospel of Matthew: Chapters 11-28 p340 Matthew 23:22 'And whoever swears by heaven swears by the throne of God and by him who sits upon it.'
  8. ^Philip Edgecumbe HughesA Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews p401 1988 'The theme of Christ's heavenly session, announced here by the statement he sat down at the right hand of God, .. Hebrews 8:1 'we have such a high priest, one who is seated at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven')'
  9. ^ 'Revelations Chapter 4' in the New Testament.
  10. ^Begley, Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal: A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism, in: Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., ISBN0884022358. pp. 229-231.
  11. ^Tafseer al-Qurtubi, 8/302, 303.
  12. ^Rifai, Sayyid Rami Al (2016). The Light Of Allah In The Heavens and The Earth: The Creation Of The Atom (24:35) and The Physics Of Spirituality. Sunnah Muakada.
  13. ^Elias, Jamal J. (1995). The Throne Carrier of God: The Life and Thought of 'Ala' ad-dawla as-Simnani. SUNY Press. ISBN9780791426111.
  14. ^al-Din, Khwajah Kamal (1963). The Islamic Review. Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust.
  15. ^The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi.
  16. ^Die Welt des Islams. D. Reimer. 2003.
  17. ^Shahrur, Muhammad (2009). The Qur'an, Morality and Critical Reason: The Essential Muhammad Shahrur. BRILL. ISBN9789047424345.
  18. ^Yılmaz, Hakkı (14 June 2020). The Division By Division English Interpretation of THE NOBLE QUR'AN in The Order of Revelation. Hakkı Yılmaz. p. 566.
  19. ^Book 004, Number 1768: (Sahih Muslim).
  20. ^Sunnan Nasai'i al Kubra, (6/30), At-Tabarani; Al-Kabeer (8/114).
  21. ^Saheeh Al Bukhari - Volume 3, Book 38, Number 505.
  22. ^Saheeh al-Bukhaari (#2581).
References
  • Arnold, Edwin (1998). Pearls of the Faith (1998 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN0-7661-0243-2. - Total pages: 340
  • Bowker, John (2005). The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions (2005 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-861053-X. - Total pages: 702
  • Kittel, Gerhard (1966). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volumes 3-4 (1966 ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN0-8028-2245-2. - Total pages: 1116
  • O'Shaughnessy, Thomas J. (December 1973). 'God's Throne and the Biblical Symbolism of the Qur'ān'. Numen. BRILL. 20 (3): 202–221. doi:10.1163/156852773x00376. JSTOR3269642.
  • Pickthalll, Marmaduke; Hanauer, James Edward (1935). Folk-lore of the Holy Land: Moslem, Christian and Jewish (1935 ed.). Forgotten Books. ISBN1-60506-065-8. - Total pages: 280

External links[edit]

Wikiversity has learning resources about Seven Heavens
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throne_of_God&oldid=992638246'
King Solomon in front of his throne, receiving the Queen of Sheba (painting by Edward Poynter, 1890)
Depiction of Solomon's throne, from the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, around 1360

The Throne of Solomon is the throne of King Solomon in the Hebrew Bible, and is a motif in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Hebrew Bible[edit]

Throne Of Gold And Ivory

The term 'throne' is used both literally and metonymically in the Hebrew Bible.

As a symbol for kingship, the throne is seen as belonging to David, or to God Himself. In 1 Kings 1:37 Benaiah's blessing to Solomon was 'may the LORD... make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king David'; while in 1 Chronicles 29:23 we are told 'Solomon sat on the throne of the LORD as king'.

Literally, the throne as Solomon's seat of state is described in 1 Kings 10:

18 Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the finest gold. 19 There were six steps to the throne, and the top of the throne was round behind; and there were arms on either side by the place of the seat, and two lions standing beside the arms. 20 And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps; there was not the like made in any kingdom. JPS 1917

According to I Kings 7:7, Solomon's throne was placed in the Porch of Judgment, being actually an audience chamber where the king sat in judgment. Its floors were paved with cedar wood. In the Aramaic translation it is described as being an anteroom or vestibule, called 'porch of the pillars.'

Judaism[edit]

A Jewish tradition holds that the throne was removed to Babylon, then Ahasuerus sat on the throne of Solomon.[1] Another tradition holds that six steps related to six terms for the earth.[2][3] According to the Targum Sheni of Megillat Esther, Solomon's throne was one of the earliest mechanical devices invented, with movable parts. When it was transferred to Persia some centuries later and used in the palace of Ahasuerus, it ceased to work. It has been described as a throne overlaid with gold, and studded with jewels; emeralds, cat's eye, the Baghdadi onyx, pearls and marble. It was ascended by many steps, the sides of which were aligned with twelve sculptured lions of gold, before whom were golden sculptures of eagles, the right paw of each lion set opposite the left wing of each eagle. As one approached the top of the staircase, there were another six steps directly in front of the semi-circular throne, each step with a pair of sculpted animals, each in gold; the first step having a couching bull opposite a lion; the second a wolf on its haunches opposite a sheep; the third a panther opposite a camel; the fourth an eagle opposite a peacock; the fifth a wildcat opposite a cock; the sixth a hawk opposite a pigeon. Above the throne was a seven-branched candlestick which afforded light, each branch bearing a sculpted image of the seven patriarchs: Adam (the first man), Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Job among them.

Above the throne was also a sculpted design showing seventy golden seats upon which sat the seventy members of the Sanhedrin, adjudicating in the presence of King Solomon. At the two sides of King Solomon's ears were fixed two fish of the sea. At the very top of Solomon's throne were fixed twenty-four golden wings that provided a protective shade and covering for the king, and whenever the king wished to ascend his throne, the bull on the first step would, by a movable, mechanical contraption, outstretch its forearm and place the king upon the second step, and so-forth, until he ascended the sixth step, upon which ascension mechanical eagles then descended and lifted-up the king, placing him upon his throne.

Christendom[edit]

Royal Throne at Aachen Cathedral, coronation seat of the Holy Roman Emperors

The New Testament speaks only of the 'throne of David,' as in the angel Gabriel's message in Luke 1:32 in relation to the Davidic line, and notably the Gospel of Luke gives the descent of Jesus via Nathan (son of David), not Solomon. In religious tradition the Seat of Wisdom in Roman Catholic tradition is associated with Solomon, and in art, such as the Lucca Madonna (van Eyck), which portrays the Virgin sitting on the throne of Solomon.

A 'Throne of Solomon' was also among the Solomonic objects of the Byzantine Court at Constantinople.[4][5]

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The Throne of Charlemagne, or Royal Throne at Aachen (Aachener Königsthron) is a throne erected in the 790s by Charlemagne, as one of the fittings of his palatine chapel in Aachen. Until 1531, it served as the throne of the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperors and the King of the Romans, being used at a total of thirty-one coronations. As a result, especially in the eleventh century, it was referred to as the totius regni archisolum ('Archstool of the Whole Realm').[6] Charlemagne himself was not crowned on this throne, but instead in the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by Pope Leo III. The throne was modeled after the throne of Solomon.

The Throne Chair of Denmark was also inspired by the throne of Solomon.

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Various depictions in sacred art such as stained glass windows, frescoes, and paintings depict the throne and the king.

Islam[edit]

The throne of Solomon featured both in Islamic commentary, and art, including mosque decoration.[7]

The concept has given rise to various geographical names:

  • Ghasre Abu-Nasr (Abu-Nasr Palace) or Takht e Sulayman (Throne of Solomon), archeological remains in Shiraz, Iran
  • Takht-e Soleyman District (بخش تخت سلیمان, meaning the 'Throne of Solomon'), district in West Azerbaijan, Iran
  • Takht-e Soleymān (تخت سلیمان, Takht-e Soleymān, 'Throne of Solomon') archaeological site in West Azarbaijan, Iran
  • Takht-e-Sulaiman Solomon's Throne (Urdu, Pashto : تخت سليمان, from Persian : 'Solomon 's throne') peak in Balochistan
  • Takht-e-Sulaiman, Sulayman Mountain, peak in Osh, Kyrgyzstan
  • Throne of Solomon (Srinagar, Kashmir), Takht-i-Sulaiman, temple ruin on top of Koh-i-Sulaiman near Dal Lake

The Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan was commissioned to underscore his position as the just king.

Throne Of Gold

Dar al-Hadith (Kursi Sulaiman) or Station of King Solomon

Throne Of Gold Steel Pulse

This is most likely a memorial that was probably built to commemorate the Prophet Sulaiman (biblical Solomon). It is located within the plaza of Haram al-Sharif, which supports its eastern wall. Kursi, which means chair, is an odd name for a building, and possibly relates to the spur of the Rock against which it is erected. The building itself is undated, but is clearly a mid-16th century foundation, as the shape of the two shallow domes covering the building are associated with the Ottoman period.[8]

The facade of Sulaiman’s tomb in al-Aqsa enclave. Additionally, a cavetto frieze situated above the mihrab is identical to one found over the mihrab in the al-'Imara al-'Amira complex (959/1552), suggesting that Kursi Sulaiman (the 'throne of Solomon') was built around that time. The building has three facades visible from the Temple Mount and the eastern facade is integrated in the eastern wall of Haram al-Sharif compound. A marble slab inspect over the main northern entrance to the structure reads the first verse of Surah Isra mentioning the Night Journey of prophet Muhammad. It was decorated with Surah Neml Verse 30 “Indeed, it is from Solomon, and indeed, it reads: 'In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful”.[9]


The building has a large hall divided into different areas, one of which is the prayer area with a mihrab. It is surmounted by two shallow domes. The hall also includes a symbolic tomb which might allude to the tomb of Sulaiman or his throne. The building is presently used as an institute for Hadith.[10] (https://madainproject.com/tomb_of_solomon)

ADDITIONAL READINGS

Myres, David, 'A Grammar of Architectural Ornament in Ottoman Jerusalem', in Auld, S. & R. Hillenbrand, Ottoman Jerusalem, The Living City 1517-1917, Part II, 2000, pp. 1087-1109.

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Auld, S. & R. Hillenbrand, : Ottoman Jerusalem. The Living City 1517-1917, The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Altajir World of Islam Trust, (2000).

Chair of Solomon (الكرسي سليمان). Retrieved April 11, 2019, from http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;pa;Mon01;10;ar

See also[edit]

  • Walls of Jerusalem National Park with Solomon's Throne peak

References[edit]

  1. ^Alexei M. Sivertsev Judaism and Imperial Ideology in Late Antiquity 2011- Page 22 'The tradition that Ahasuerus sat on the throne of Solomon was already known by the mid-third century. ... On the title cosmocrator in Rabbinic literature, see Krauss, Paras we-Romi, 87–89; Shimoff, “Hellenization among the Rabbis,”184–85.'
  2. ^Joseph Verheyden The Figure of Solomon in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Tradition 2012 Page 132 'Six steps lead up to the throne in reference to the six terms for the earth (Erez, Adamah, Arqa, Ge, Zia, Neshiah—Tebel is not included here), the six .. ... a king. it had six steps and it rose above these six steps, and it had six paths each with six steps, and on each step were two lions and one ...
  3. ^Shmuel Safrai, Peter J. Tomson The Literature of the Sages -2006 Volume 2 - Page 182 'The teachings of the Babylonian rabbis... the allegorical significance of the six steps to the throne of Solomon; the throne in captivity (1:12);'
  4. ^Kieckhefer, Richard (1989). Magic in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN9780521309417. visited the imperial court at Constantinople and reported on the marvelous Throne of Solomon displayed there
  5. ^Tougher, Shaun (1997). The Reign of Leo VI (886-912): Politics and People. Leiden: Brill. p. 124. ISBN9789004108110. One of the most intriguing Solomonic objects kept at Constantinople was the throne of Solomon, which is named only by the Book of Ceremonies.
  6. ^Roth 2011, p. 38.
  7. ^Finbarr Barry Flood The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayad ...2001 - Page 85 '... manifestation of the golden vine-tree in such a context is, however, in connection with the fabled throne of Solomon.'
  8. ^[Al-Natsheh, Yusuf, 'Kursi Sulaiman (after 1017/1608),' in Auld S. & R. Hillenbrand, Ottoman Jerusalem. The Living City 1517-1917, Part II, 2000, pp. 953-957.
  9. ^[https://qudsinfo.com/pics/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81/
  10. ^[https://madainproject.com/tomb_of_solomon

External links[edit]

Media related to Throne of Solomon at Wikimedia Commons

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